Covenant House New Jersey, which serves 1,000 homeless youth annually, completed a study about the prevalence of human trafficking among the young people it helps.
Yesenia is the name Covenant House New Jersey uses to protect her identity.
During the past few months, the 19-year-old woman told a licensed clinical social worker at the agency about her year-long sex-trafficking ordeal.
Other Covenant House clients also had scary stories to tell, and their identities similarly have been shielded by the agency, which serves 1,000 homeless youths annually.
Latasha and Natalie were forced to have sex with strange men and to sell drugs so they could continue living in a rooming house.
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Brandon's life was threatened if he didn't continue to sell drugs, and Julio, who says he considered suicide, was sexually abused by an aunt's boyfriend. Yes, boys are exploited, too.
These young people were part of a study, lasting 12 to 15 months, to determine the prevalence of human trafficking among homeless youth served by Covenant House at its sites in Newark, Atlantic City and at Raphael's Life House in Elizabeth.
The study, "Recognizing Human Trafficking Among Homeless Youth," was conducted by Covenant House and Mount Sinai Hospital in New York and gathered information from 365 young people who agreed to participate as long as they could remain anonymous. The research was done for 12 months in Atlantic City starting on Feb. 22, 2016, and over a 15-month period in Newark and Elizabeth from Nov. 2, 2015, to Feb. 21.
The study showed that 9.2 percent of Covenant House clients, ages 18 to 22, were victims of sexual and labor exploitation at some point in their lives.
When you separate the two categories, 63 percent were victims of sex trafficking and 51.9 percent of labor trafficking, a term covering coerced or fraudulent employment. It's an area that is often overlooked as a major form of exploitation of homeless youth, the study said.
"Labor trafficking is affecting this population, and we need to be talking about it more and doing something about it, not just providing shelter and housing for survivors of sex trafficking," said Makini Chisolm-Straker, an assistant professor at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.
Yesenia arrived at Covenant House in Newark last December. Gradually, over the next few months, she began to share her story with Allison Iannarone, a licensed clinical social worker at the agency.
Yesenia told Iannarone that she had been sexually and physically abused as a child while in a foster home in California. At age 18, when she decided she couldn't live with her drug-addicted mother any longer, Yesenia moved in with a girlfriend. While there, Iannarone said, the friend and her boyfriend forced Yesenia into a sex-trafficking ring, until police broke up the operation six months later.
After Yesenia was released from jail, Iannarone related, Yesenia met a man and the two began a romantic relationship.
He brought her from California to Paterson, where he lived, and forced her into prostitution. She became pregnant with his child, but lost custody following the birth in October after she tested positive for drugs. Yesenia remains at Covenant House in Newark.
The portion of the sex and labor trafficking study that included Newark and the facility in Elizabeth showed that 10.9 percent of homeless young people had been exploited. For youth in Atlantic City, it was 5.9 percent. But a closer examination showed that labor trafficking for both Newark and Elizabeth was 61.9 percent and sex trafficking was 57.1 percent. For Atlantic City, it was 16.7 percent for labor trafficking and 83.3 for sex trafficking.
"We wanted to take a deeper look at our kids," said James White, executive director of Covenant House. "Our goal was to identify kids who have experienced both sex and labor trafficking and try to identify them earlier to provide wrap-around services right away because of the trauma that they experience."
The common denominator for many of the youth is their history of emotional, physical or sexual abuse.
They've often witnessed violence and suffered mental abuse and some have attempted suicide.
Julio fits this description. For much of his adolescence, he was depressed and contemplated suicide. At age 13 he engaged in "survival sex" -- performing sex acts on men for money to buy basic necessities. By the time he was 19, Julio had been admitted to more than 10 psychiatric hospitals. The good news is that he is recovering and has graduated from high school.
"For the first time, we were able to serve these young people in a long-term way," said Julia Einbond, director of strategy and learning at Covenant House. "We see we have those kids here who are at risk, so now we can help address their trauma so they are not as vulnerable to trafficking when they leave us."
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The other significant takeaway from the year-long project is that Covenant House and Mount Sinai have developed a four-question assessment tool that quickly identifies young people who have been trafficked and those who are at risk. From there, the youths they serve develop trusting relationships with social workers, who help them address their issues.
"That's a big relief, I think, for some of our kids," Einbond said
It was for Yesenia, whose story makes Iannarone cry every time she tells it. This time, however, she made it through without a tear because in the past five month, she said, she has witnessed Yesenia's resilience. Covenant House is her first real family. She now has a job and the agency is helping her find an apartment.
And, said Iannarone, she's doing everything she can to regain custody of her child.
Barry Carter: (973) 836-4925 or bcarter@starledger.com or http://connect.nj.com/user/bcarter/posts.html
or follow him on Twitter @BarryCarterSL